Java中的Map

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1、HashMap

HashMap使用数组+链表的形式存储,初始化的时候,会根据传入的数组大小,找到一个最接近且大于当前值的2的幂,源码中方法如下:

/**
     * Returns a power of two size for the given target capacity.
     */
    static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
        int n = cap - 1;
        n |= n >>> 1;
        n |= n >>> 2;
        n |= n >>> 4;
        n |= n >>> 8;
        n |= n >>> 16;
        return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
    }

对传入的值做无符号右移,然后经行一个或操作,最终得到一个大于传入的值的2的幂。

hashmap是通过数组+链表或红黑树的形式存储数据的

transient Node<K,V>[] table;

存储一个数据时,会调用putVal方法

final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
                   boolean evict) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
        if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
        if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
            tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
        else {
            Node<K,V> e; K k;
            if (p.hash == hash &&
                ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                e = p;
            else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
            else {
                for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                    if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                        p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                        if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                            treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                        break;
                    }
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                        ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        break;
                    p = e;
                }
            }
            if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
                V oldValue = e.value;
                if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                    e.value = value;
                afterNodeAccess(e);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        ++modCount;
        if (++size > threshold)
            resize();
        afterNodeInsertion(evict);
        return null;
    }

根据key的hash值计算在数组中存储的下标,如果存在相同的hash值和key就做更新操作,如果hash值相同,key不同,就将这个值加入数组中存储的红黑树或者链表中,如果链表的元素个数大于8就会将链表转换为一棵红黑树存储(平衡二叉树的查询效率是高于红黑树的,使用红黑树是因为红黑树的增删效率比平衡二叉树高)。

2、HashTable

hashtable在方法上加了synchronized关键字。牺牲了运行效率来保证线程安全

3、TreeMap

treeMap内部使用红黑树来存储数据节点。

HashMap的key和value可以为null,TreeMap的key不能为null;

频繁的插入删除建议选择hashsMap,因为treemap删除,插入元素需要经行再排序

4、ConcurrentHashMap

concurrentHashMap是hashmap和hashtable的改进版,存储结构和hashmap基本相同,之前我们提到了hashtable是同步的,但是运行效率低,因为他在操作的时候,会锁定所有的数据,而concurrenthashmap再检测到hash冲突的时候,会使用synchronized锁定数组里存储的链表或红黑树的头节点,然后再进行插入、更新操作,这样就在保证线程安全的基础上尽可能提高了运行效率。

/** Implementation for put and putIfAbsent */
    final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
        if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
        int binCount = 0;
        for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
            Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
            if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
                tab = initTable();
            else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
                if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
                             new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null)))
                    break;                   // no lock when adding to empty bin
            }
            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
                tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
            else {
                V oldVal = null;
                synchronized (f) {
                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                        if (fh >= 0) {
                            binCount = 1;
                            for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
                                K ek;
                                if (e.hash == hash &&
                                    ((ek = e.key) == key ||
                                     (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
                                    oldVal = e.val;
                                    if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                        e.val = value;
                                    break;
                                }
                                Node<K,V> pred = e;
                                if ((e = e.next) == null) {
                                    pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key,
                                                              value, null);
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                            Node<K,V> p;
                            binCount = 2;
                            if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
                                                           value)) != null) {
                                oldVal = p.val;
                                if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                    p.val = value;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (binCount != 0) {
                    if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                        treeifyBin(tab, i);
                    if (oldVal != null)
                        return oldVal;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        addCount(1L, binCount);
        return null;
    }

标题:Java中的Map
作者:wenyl
地址:http://www.wenyoulong.com/articles/2021/06/15/1623739297718.html